Lycopus europaeus pdf

The leaves are toothed, and the small Animals used white flowers surround the square stem at the leaf Young Swiss-Albino mice aged about weeks with axils in dense clusters. The plant has little odor; average weight of gm and adult Long Evans the.. In this method, acetic acid is constituents. Qualitative phytochemical tests for the administered intraperitoneally to the experimental identification of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, gum and animals to create pain sensation.

The animals were carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and terpenoids were divided into four groups with six mice in each group. Test samples and vehicle were analgesic activity as previously described by Lanhers et administered orally 30 minutes prior to intraperitoneal al. Animals Ojewole, Each mouse was observed individually for counting the Mice of either sex were divided into four groups number of writhing they made in 10 minutes consisting of six animals in each group.

The mice of commencing just 5 minutes after the intraperitoneal each group were placed in the beaker on the hot administration of acetic acid solution. Full writhing was plate in order to obtain its response to electrical heat not always accomplished by the animal, because induced pain stimulus.

Licking of the paws or jumping sometimes the animals started to give writhing but they out of the beaker was taken as an indicator of the did not complete it. The considered as half-writhing. Accordingly, two half- time for each mouse to lick its paws or jump out of writhing were taken as one full writhing. The number of the beaker was taken as reaction time in second. The a control group while Diclofenac sodium was used as a mean of this determination constituted initial reaction reference standard positive control.

The percentage time before treatment of each group of mice. The time in sec Phytochemical screening of methanol extract of L. The early phase phase 1 was recorded during the Analgesic activity first 5 minutes, while the late phase phase 2 was Hot plate method recorded during the last minutes after formalin Results of hot plate test are presented in Table 1 for injection.

In the 3rd hour of study, the Rats were randomly divided into four groups, extract increased the reaction time of heat sensation to each consisting of six animals, of which group I was The oral hours using Plethysmometer after administration of administration of both doses of L.

The average percent induced abdominal writhes in mice in a dose dependent increase in paw volume with time was calculated and fashion. The percent inhibition of writhing response by compared against the control group. Percent inhibition the extract was Vc Formalin-induced writhing test The effect of the extract of L.

The extract control and treated animal respectively. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of L. Anti-inflammatory result europaeus revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, The anti-inflammatory effects of the extract and saponins, gums and terpenoids. Strong occurrence of standard drug are presented in Table 4. In control tannins in extract has been shown to possess potent animals, the sub plantar injection of carrageenan anti-inflammatory properties Fawole et al.

The antinociceptive activity Ramprasath et al. The observed in flavonoids Rao et al. It is also reported that flavonoids such as rutin, and The result was found to be highly et al.

The method shows a biphasic Middleton, Other flavonoids potently restrain response comprising of an early neurogenic and a prostaglandins, a group of powerful pro-inflammatory late inflammatory phase response and originates signaling molecules. Inhibition of these key enzymes mainly from neurogenic inflammation followed by provides the mechanism by which flavonoids inhibit participation of kinins and leukocytes with their inflammatory processes Manthey et al. Alkaloids proinflammatory factors including PGs Wheeler-Aceto have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity and Cowan, It is also reported that acute by inhibiting the action of arachidonic acid metabolism inflammation induced by formalin results from cell via the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways damage which provides the production of endogenous Barik et al.

In the present study, the Studies have also demonstrated that terpenoids crude extract produced antinociception against both produced significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory neurogenic and inflammatory phase of formalin. The activities Calixto et al.

The hot plate test fact that the extract at the doses tested produced measures the response to a brief, noxious stimulus and analgesia in all nociceptive models is indicative that it thus bears a closer resemblance to clinical pain. The possesses both central and peripheral antinociceptive method is considered to be selective for the drugs effects and the mechanism of action of the extract acting centrally. It is an Carrageenan-induced inflammation is most commonly established fact that any agent that causes a used as an experimental model for evaluating the anti- prolongation of the hot plate latency using this test inflammatory potency of compounds or natural products.

The probable mechanism of action of carrageenan- The methanolic extract of L. Therefore, the kinins in the first hour; while the second phase is extract might have a central activity. The second phase is sensitive to most clinically peripherally active analgesics Hasan et al. Pain effective anti-inflammatory drugs Vinegar et al.

The agent reducing the number of writhing sodium. So, the anti-inflammatory effect of L. The formalin test is a widely used model of many natural forests with huge number of medicinal continuing pain involving peripheral inflammation and plants. Naturally occurring antinociceptive substances from peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the plants.

Duarte, I. These induced writhing in mice. Fawole, O. However, further studies are in properties of medicinal plants used for pain-related ailments in South Africa. Harborne, J. Phytochemical Methods: elucidate the possible mechanisms of action responsible A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Hasan, S. Akinmoladun, A. Analgesic activity of the E. Okhotnikova, N. Malysheva, E. Rodicheva, et al. Aleksei Ivanovich Shreter [in Russian], Moscow, , pp. Krepkova, V. Bortnikova, O.

Kuzina, et al. Zvereva, O. Semkina, and E. Gribkova, Razrab. Sredstv , 2 23 , — Google Scholar. Semkina, M. Dzhavakhyan, V. Zvereva, et al. Download references. Photographs of Webb, D. Another Bauhin, C. Pinax theatri botanici, ed. Basileae [Basel]: impen- similar statement can be found even earlier in Volkova sis Joannis Regis. Studies in the flora of Afghanistan: U.

Notes Roy. Edinburgh 89— Linnean Society in London. Later, the same specimen was Henderson, N. A taxonomic revision of the genus Lycopus explicitly cited by Mill but without the use of the word Labiatae. Naturalist 95— Hess, H. The statements by Volkova and Mill are too Jarvis, C. Order out of chaos: Linnaean plant names and their imprecise to be taken as a citation that could serve as a lecto- types. However, the type statements by Henderson History Museum.

Regnum Vegetabile Savage, S. A catalogue of the Linnaean herbarium. Linnean Society of London. Linnaeus, C. Hortus Cliffortianus. Amstelaedami Tournefort, J. Institutiones rei herbariae, vol. Parisiis [Paris]: [Amsterdam]. Species plantarum.